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{"id":318,"date":"2013-07-19T00:18:25","date_gmt":"2013-07-19T07:18:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/voynichportal.com\/?p=318"},"modified":"2017-05-11T22:05:49","modified_gmt":"2017-05-12T05:05:49","slug":"large-plants-folio-2v","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/voynichportal.com\/2013\/07\/19\/large-plants-folio-2v\/","title":{"rendered":"VMS Large Plants \u2013 Folio 2v"},"content":{"rendered":"

Please note. This blog was originally posted July 19, 2013, and I immediately removed it and inserted a placeholder because I thought to myself, “Am I giving too much away? Will this help someone else solve the VMS before I have a chance to solve it?” It took a few years to acknowledge that the VMS was going to be much harder to decipher than I assumed and might even require a coordinated effort among researchers, so I have enlarged a couple of the drawings, updated the fonts, and posted it again<\/span>.<\/p>\n


\n

This is the image that started it all\u2014the drawing that hooked me on the VMS… Folio 2v appears at first glance to be some kind of aquatic plant with a fringed flower, and it shows not only a leaf and flower, but the side-growing root, as well.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/a>I<\/span>‘m interested in plants, and I had never seen such an amazing drawing of a side-growing root (called a “rhizome”) in a medieval manuscript. It’s not only an excellent portrayal at a time when accuracy took second place to tradition, but holds some important clues to how the drawings are composed and where the plant might have originated.<\/p>\n

But I was perplexed because 2v didn’t have a typical water lily flower. The pistil is long and hirsute, there are only four petals, and they are fringed. Also, the calyx is stubby and indented. Obviously it wasn’t Nymphaeaceae<\/em>, a family common to Eurasia and Africa, but due to the accuracy of the rhizome, I assumed there must be other wetland plants that would match the flower more closely. So, late in 2007, I started scouring the Web for a match.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Why look for wetland plants? Because this kind of rhizome is not practical for a land-dwelling plant that has to push its way through soil. There are many terrestrial plants with rhizomes, and even some with leaf scars (such as Solomon’s seal), but very few plants outside of aquatic, coastal, or swampy environments have this specific<\/em> form of rhizome.<\/p>\n

If the Voynich Manuscript did not have this drawing, my interest would probably have fizzled by 2009. Fantasy plants or poorly drawn plants don’t offer much help in deciphering cryptic text. There are other recognizable plants in the VMS, including viola and salsify, and possibly ricinus and cannabis, but they are common plants and less helpful in determining origin. Assuming the text is related to the drawings, identifying 2v might be useful.<\/p>\n

So how does one interpret this drawing?<\/p>\n

Dissecting the VMS Plant<\/h4>\n

Let’s start with the leaf, since that’s what most people recognize. With most plants, the root is hidden, and the flowers of wetland plants can be quite variable, but kidney-shaped leaves (called “reniforme”) are distinctive enough to catch one’s attention.<\/p>\n

Reniforme leaves can be smooth, serrated, or elegantly scalloped. Some have deep indentations where the stem attaches to the leaf, others have narrow or rounded indentations. Here are some examples:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Notice the different patterns in the veins. The primary veins originate at the deepest part of the indentation, but flow out differently, depending on the species. Some are straight, some rounded, some arch back in toward the top.<\/p>\n

The 2v veins have been lightly sketched with wiggly lines running to the outer margin. I have added arrows to make them easier to see. The lower-right vein seems out of place\u2014it runs from margin to margin rather than starting in the center and there’s something tentative about the veins\u2014there’s not enough detail to trust their accuracy, but the way they arc is closer to Soldanella<\/em> or Caltha palustris<\/em> than most other reniforme plants :<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Note that the indentation where the stem attaches to the leaf is distinctly rounded, similar to Heteranthera<\/em>, Parnassia<\/em>, and Asarum<\/em>. This shape is not characteristic of Nymphaea species<\/em>, which usually have V-shaped indentations, or Nelumbo, which is typically round, with the stem attaching near the center:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

So what kind of plant is 2v?<\/p>\n

There are about two hundred commonly known species with reniforme leaves and about two-thirds of these have smooth margins. They range in size from delicate thumb-sized alpine snowbells, miniature honey-suckles, and tropical Geophilas, to water lilies so large, they can support the weight of a child<\/a>. There are even spore-bearing ferns with kidney-shaped leaves.<\/p>\n

The VMS Root<\/h4>\n

Many reniforme plants spread through rhizomes. The root inches sideways, under water or soil (usually moist soil), to send up new shoots at a distance from the old plant. As the old leaves fall off, a pattern of scars is left behind. Since there is less soil to impede them, aquatic plants may have rhizomes that are many meters long.<\/p>\n

Some plants, like Cochlearia officinalis, Cyclamen, <\/em>and\u00a0Oxyria reniformis<\/em> have tap roots, corms, tendrils (like buttercup), or runners that spread above ground rather than beneath ground or water, so there isn’t one kind of root specific to reniforme plants, as these examples illustrate:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The VMS rhizome is not professionally drawn, but it’s pretty good\u2014there’s an effort to\u00a0 document important structures ignored by other botanical illustrators. Note the series of nubs to the left, where the the old stems dropped off, with dots to indicate the vascular pores. The scaly growth with a rounded head, to the right, is where new leaves will emerge in the next growing season. Plants with this form of rhizome don’t always have a scaly root-cap on the leading edge, which helps to narrow down possible IDs for this plant.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Even though the leaf and flower don’t match 2v, the roots of some Nymphaea<\/em> species are similar to the VMS. In the following images, note how the two roots have different shapes and patterns of leaf scars. As the leaves die out, they resemble fossils from Jurassic Park (right):<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

There are a number of species with leaves and flowers that look like 2v. Some of these also have similar roots:<\/p>\n